HBSE Class 12 Political Science Important Question Answer 2026

Most of students search over Google for Haryana Board (HBSE) Important Questions 2026. Here is the Main reason because HBSE Board Says that in HBSE Exam 2026 (last 3 Years of Questions will Repeat) so that here are the selected List of Questions of Haryana Board For Class 12.

HBSE Class 12 Political Science Important Question Answer 2026

Book : Contemporary World Politics

Chapter 1 – The End of Bipolarity

Q1. Soviet Union was disintegrated in which year? Most Important

Ans – December 1991

Q2. On which two main principles, Shock Therapy was based? Most Important

Ans – Shock Therapy was based on two main principles:

Rapid transition to a market economy – This included privatisation of state-owned industries, free pricing, and reducing government control over the economy.
Political and economic liberalisation – This involved ending the role of the communist party and adopting democratic political systems along with economic reforms.

Q3. In which year the friendly treaty between India & Soviet Union took place ? Most Important

Ans – 1971

Q4. Give any two positive consequences of downfall of Soviet Union. Most Important

Ans – Any two positive consequences of the disintegration of the Soviet Union were:

End of Cold War tensions – The collapse of the Soviet Union reduced ideological rivalry and military confrontation between the superpower blocs.
Emergence of independent states – Several new independent countries emerged, allowing them to choose their own political systems and development paths.

Q5. Discuss any four features of Soviet System.
OR
Write any two features of Soviet System. Most Important

Ans – Four main features of the Soviet system were:

Single-party system – The Communist Party controlled the government and did not allow political opposition.
Centralised planning – The state controlled the economy through central planning authorities.
State ownership of means of production – Industries, land, and resources were owned and managed by the state.
Emphasis on social welfare – The Soviet system ensured basic needs like employment, education, and health care for citizens.

Q6. What is the meaning of Bi-polarity ?
OR
What do you understand by Bi-Polar System?

Ans – Bipolarity refers to a system of international politics in which power is concentrated in two major rival powers or blocs, and most countries align with one of these two blocs.

Q7. Write the factors responsible for the end of bipolar system.
OR
Write any two causes responsible for the decline of Bipolar system.
OR
Write any two causes of disintegration of Bipolar world.

Ans – The factors responsible for the end of the bipolar system were:

Economic weaknesses of the Soviet Union – The Soviet economy became inefficient and could not keep pace with the technological and economic progress of the Western countries.
Political reforms in the USSR – Reforms like Perestroika (restructuring) and Glasnost (openness) reduced the control of the Communist Party and weakened the socialist system.
Burden of the arms race – Continuous military competition with the United States put excessive pressure on the Soviet economy.
Rise of nationalism within Soviet republics – Nationalist movements in various republics demanded independence, leading to the disintegration of the Soviet Union.

Q8. Shock Therapy model was directed by whom? Most Important

Ans – World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Q9. Which Political Party had controlled on political system of Previous Soviet Union ? Most Important
OR
Which party was dominating in Soviet Union during Bipolar System?

Ans – The Communist Party

Q10. When the wall of Berlin was made and when was it dismantled ? Most Important

Ans – The Berlin Wall was built in 1961 and was demolished in 1989.

Chapter 2 – Contemporary Centres of Power

Q1. What is the ASEAN system? State two objectives of ASEAN. Most Important

Ans – ASEAN approach refers to the method of regional cooperation among Southeast Asian nations to promote peace, stability, and economic development.

Two objectives of ASEAN are:

Promote regional peace and stability – Prevent conflicts and maintain harmony among member countries.
Encourage economic growth and cooperation – Facilitate trade, investment, and development among member nations.

Q2. What are the main objectives of SAARC ? Most Important

Ans – The main objectives of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) are:

Promote regional cooperation – To enhance collaboration among South Asian countries in economic, social, and cultural fields.
Strengthen economic growth – To encourage trade, development, and poverty alleviation among member states.
Improve regional peace and stability – To resolve conflicts peacefully and maintain harmony in the region.
Promote cultural and social development – To foster mutual understanding and cooperation among peoples of South Asia.

Q3. When and by which treaty was the European Union Established ? Most Important

Ans – In 1992 with the treaty of Maastricht

Q4. What do you mean by Third World Countries? Most Important

Ans – The Third World countries refer to the nations that were neither aligned with the United States (the First World) nor with the Soviet Union (the Second World) during the Cold War. These countries were mostly newly independent, developing nations in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

Q5. When was, ‘Open Door Policy’ in China introduced ?
OR
China had adopted the policy of ‘Open-door’ in year _________.

Ans – 1978

Q6. The total number of member Nations of ASEAN is _________.
OR
How many members are there in ‘ASEAN’ ?

Ans – 10

Q7. __________ spends maximum money on its defence, in the World.
OR
Which country of the world spend maximum money on its Security?

Ans – US

Q8. Where the office of ‘SAARC’ is situated ?
OR
Secretariat of ‘SAARC’ is situated in ________.

Ans – Kathmandu, Nepal

Q9. Give the meaning of SAARC. Explain the importance. Most Important

Ans – SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) is a regional organization of South Asian countries aimed at promoting economic, social, and cultural cooperation among its members.

Importance of SAARC:

Promotes regional cooperation – Helps member countries work together in economic, social, and cultural fields.
Enhances regional peace and stability – Reduces tensions and encourages dialogue among member states.
Supports economic growth – Encourages trade, investment, and joint development projects in South Asia.
Addresses common challenges – Helps tackle poverty, education, health, and environmental issues collectively.

Q10. What is the name of the currency of European Union? When was it started ? Most Important

Ans – The currency of the European Union (EU) is the Euro (€). Its circulation began in 2002.

Q11. When was the privatisation of agriculture sector in China took place?
OR
When the Privatisation of Agriculture & Industries took place in China?

Ans – In China, the privatization of agriculture and industries began in 1978 under the economic reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping.

Q12. Clear the meaning of ‘Open Door Policy’ of China. Most Important

Ans – China’s “Open Door Policy” refers to the economic strategy adopted by China to encourage foreign investment, trade, and technology transfer while integrating its economy with the global market. It was introduced to modernize the economy, attract foreign capital, and promote industrial and technological development.

Key features:

Encouragement of foreign investment.
Promotion of export-oriented industries.
Integration with the global economy.
Modernization of industry and technology.
Economic reforms to increase productivity and growth.

Chapter 3 – Contemporary South Asia

Q1. In Nepal Democracy was setup in the year ……… .
OR
In which year Democracy was formed in Nepal ?
OR
In which year, Nepal was declared a ‘Secular state’?

Ans – 2008

Q2. In the boundary conflict between India and Pakistan, America supported which country? Most Important

Ans – Pakistan

Q3. What are the main two conflicts in between India and China? Most Important

Ans – Two main disputes between India and China are:

Boundary (border) dispute – Especially related to Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh.
Tibet issue – China’s control over Tibet and India’s stand on Tibetan refugees have been a point of tension.

Chapter 4 – International Organisations

Q1. Write any two functions of World Health Organization (WHO). Most Important

Ans – Two functions of the World Health Organization (WHO) are:

To promote global health and control the spread of diseases.
To provide technical assistance and guidance to countries on health matters.

Q2. Why do we need International Organization ? Give any two causes. Most Important

Ans – Two reasons why international organizations are needed:

To maintain international peace and security among nations.
To solve global problems like health, environment, and poverty through cooperation.

Q3. Describe the objectives and principles of the United Nations.
OR
Describe the principles of United Nations Organization. Most Important
OR
Write any four principles of United Nations.
OR
Describe in brief the main aims & objectives of United Nations Organization. Most Important
OR
Discuss any two aims & objectives of United Nations Organization (U.N.O). Most Important
OR
Explain in brief any four aims of United Nations Organization (UNO).
OR
What was the main objective of United Nations Organisation?

Ans – Objectives and Principles of the United Nations (UNO)

Objectives of the United Nations:

To maintain international peace and security in the world.
To develop friendly relations among nations based on equality.
To promote respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.
To achieve international cooperation in solving economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems.
To act as a centre for harmonising the actions of nations.

Principles of the United Nations:

All member states are sovereign and equal.
Member states should settle international disputes peacefully.
No state should use force against the territorial integrity of another state.
The UN should not interfere in the internal matters of member countries.
Member states must fulfill their obligations under the UN Charter sincerely.

Q4. Give the names of main organs of United Nations Organization. Most Important

Ans – he main organs of the United Nations Organization (UNO) are:

General Assembly
Security Council
Economic and Social Council
International Court of Justice
Secretariat

Q5. Give the numbers and names of permanent members of Security Council of United Nations Organization (UNO). Most Important

Ans – The Security Council of the United Nations has 5 permanent members.

Their names are:

United States of America
Russia
China
United Kingdom
France

Q6. The Second World War was fought between the period of 1939 to …………… .
OR
When the World War IInd came to an end ?

Ans – 1945

Q7. World Trade Organization was established in the year _________.
OR
When did World Trade Organization came into an existence ?

Ans – 1995

Q8. Every year, United Nations Day is celebrated on ___________.
OR
Every year on …………… U.N.O. day is celebrated.

Ans – 24 October

Chapter 5 – Security in the Contemporary World

Q1. What name has been given to the Terrorist Attack on America? Most Important

Ans – The terrorist attacks on the United States are called 9/11 attacks (September 11, 2001).

Q2. What do you mean by Human Security? Most Important

Ans – Human Security refers to the protection of individuals from threats to their life, health, and dignity, including economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community, and political security. It focuses on people rather than just states.

Q3. Explain any four obstacles come in the way of Disarmament.
OR
What are the four major problems which come in the way of Disarmament ?

Ans – Four obstacles in the path of disarmament:

Mutual distrust between countries – Nations are suspicious of each other’s intentions.
Security concerns – Countries fear losing their strategic advantage if they disarm.
Political conflicts – Ongoing political tensions and wars hinder disarmament efforts.
Economic interests – Arms production and trade are profitable, creating resistance to disarmament.

Chapter 6 – Environmental and Natural Resources

Q1. Mention the names of any two movements related to Environment Conservation. Most Important

Ans – Two movements related to environmental protection:

Chipko Movement – A movement in India to protect trees from deforestation by hugging them.
Silent Valley Movement – A movement in India to protect the Silent Valley forest from being submerged by a hydroelectric project.

Q2. Explain the various measures for the conservation of environment. Most Important
OR
Write any four measures for the conservation of environment.

Ans – Measures for Environmental Protection:

Afforestation and reforestation – Planting trees to increase forest cover and restore degraded lands.
Pollution control – Reducing air, water, and soil pollution through regulations and clean technologies.
Sustainable resource management – Using natural resources like water, minerals, and forests responsibly to avoid depletion.
Waste management and recycling – Proper disposal of waste and promoting recycling to minimize environmental impact.
Environmental awareness and education – Educating people about the importance of protecting the environment.
Legal measures – Enforcing environmental laws and regulations to protect ecosystems and biodiversity.

Q3. Describe the main reasons of worry for Environment in World Politics. Most Important
OR
Write any four reasons responsible for the pollution of environment in world politics.

Ans – Major Reasons for Environmental Concerns in World Politics:

Global environmental issues: Problems like climate change, ozone depletion, and global warming affect all countries, requiring international cooperation.

Resource scarcity: Rapid population growth and industrialization increase the demand for natural resources, leading to conflicts over water, minerals, and energy.

Transboundary pollution: Pollution in one country, such as air or water contamination, can affect neighboring countries and regions.

Biodiversity loss: The destruction of ecosystems and extinction of species has global ecological consequences.

Human security and health: Environmental degradation threatens food, water, and human health, impacting stability and security worldwide.

Q4. Explain the elements responsible for the Environmental Pollution. Most Important

Ans – Factors Responsible for Environmental Pollution:

Industrialization: Factories release pollutants into air, water, and soil, causing contamination.

Urbanization: Rapid growth of cities leads to increased waste, sewage, and vehicular emissions.

Deforestation: Cutting down forests reduces the ability to absorb carbon dioxide, increasing air pollution.

Agricultural activities: Use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation practices can pollute soil and water.

Transportation: Emissions from vehicles contribute significantly to air pollution and greenhouse gases.

Improper waste disposal: Dumping of industrial, household, and plastic waste contaminates land and water bodies.

Q5. Explain any six methods for the protection of Environment in India. Most Important

Ans – Six Measures for Environmental Protection in India:

Afforestation and reforestation: Planting trees to increase forest cover and restore degraded lands.

Pollution control laws: Enforcing laws to regulate air, water, and soil pollution.

Waste management and recycling: Proper disposal of industrial, domestic, and plastic waste, and promoting recycling.

Promotion of renewable energy: Using solar, wind, and hydro energy to reduce dependence on fossil fuels.

Wildlife conservation: Protecting forests, national parks, and endangered species through conservation programs.

Environmental education and awareness: Educating citizens about sustainable practices and the importance of environmental protection.

Chapter 7 – Globalisation

Q1. Give any four points each in favour and against of Globalization. Most Important
OR
Mention the positive and negative aspects of globalization.

Ans – Positive Aspects of Globalisation:

Economic growth: Globalisation promotes trade, investment, and economic development.
Access to technology: Countries get advanced technology and modern knowledge.
Cultural exchange: Interaction among nations increases cultural understanding.
Employment opportunities: Multinational companies create new job opportunities.

Negative Aspects of Globalisation:

Economic inequality: Benefits are unevenly distributed among countries and people.
Loss of local industries: Small and traditional industries face tough competition.
Cultural dominance: Local cultures may be overshadowed by global culture.
Environmental degradation: Increased industrial activity harms the environment.

Q2. What do you understand by Globalization? Give any four reasons responsible for the rise of Globalization.
OR
What is the meaning of Globalisation? Discuss the main causes of the rise of concept of Globalisation.
OR
Explain the main causes for the rise of Globalization. Most Important

Ans – Globalisation refers to the increasing interconnection and interdependence among countries in the fields of economy, politics, culture, and technology, leading to free flow of goods, services, capital, information, and ideas across national boundaries.

Causes for the Emergence of Globalisation:

Advancement in technology: Development of communication and information technology reduced distance and time.
Expansion of international trade: Liberal trade policies encouraged global exchange of goods and services.
Role of multinational corporations: MNCs expanded production and markets across countries.
End of Cold War: Collapse of bipolar world reduced ideological barriers.
Economic liberalisation: Adoption of open market policies by many countries promoted global integration.

Q3. Define Globalization. Explain its main features.
OR
What is the meaning of Globalisation? What are the main features of Globalisation ?
OR
Write any four features of Globalization. Most Important

Ans – The literal meaning of globalisation is “the process of making the world a single, integrated unit”, where countries are closely connected with one another.

Main Features of Globalisation:

Free flow of goods and services: Reduction of trade barriers among countries.
Free movement of capital: Easy flow of investment and finance across borders.
Expansion of multinational companies: Growing role of MNCs in the global economy.
Technological advancement: Rapid development in communication and information technology.
Cultural interaction: Increased exchange of ideas, values, and culture among nations.

Q4. Explain the political and economic aspects of globalization. Most Important

Ans – Political and Economic Dimensions of Globalisation:

Political Dimension:

Decline of state sovereignty: National governments face limitations due to global rules and institutions.
Role of international organisations: Institutions like the UN, WTO, IMF, and World Bank influence national policies.
Global governance: Decisions are increasingly taken at international level through treaties and agreements.
Spread of democracy and human rights: Globalisation promotes democratic values and human rights awareness.
Policy coordination: Countries coordinate policies on security, environment, and trade.

Economic Dimension:

Global trade expansion: Increase in international trade of goods and services.
Flow of capital: Free movement of foreign direct investment and finance.
Role of multinational corporations: MNCs dominate production, trade, and markets worldwide.
Economic liberalisation: Reduction of tariffs, quotas, and restrictions on trade.
Integrated world economy: National economies are linked into a single global economic system.

Q5. What is the meaning of Globalization? Discuss its main aims & objectives. Most Important

Ans – Globalisation refers to the process of increasing interconnection and interdependence among countries in economic, political, social, and cultural spheres, resulting in the free flow of goods, services, capital, technology, and ideas across national boundaries.

Main Objectives of Globalisation:

Expansion of global trade: To promote free trade and reduce trade barriers among nations.
Economic growth and development: To accelerate economic development through investment and technology transfer.
Free flow of capital: To encourage foreign investment and financial integration.
Technological advancement: To spread modern technology and innovation worldwide.
Cultural interaction and cooperation: To increase mutual understanding and cooperation among nations.

Q6. Globalization is related to …….. mutual affiliation & coordination.
OR
Globalization is related to ________ mutual binding.

Ans – economic, political, social and cultural

Q7. Explain the Political, Economic & Cultural effects of Globalization. Most Important

Ans – Political, Economic, and Cultural Effects of Globalisation:

Political Effects:

Decline of state sovereignty: Global rules and institutions limit absolute control of national governments.
Role of international organisations: UN, WTO, IMF, and World Bank influence national policies.
Global cooperation: Countries coordinate policies on security, trade, and environment.
Spread of democracy and human rights: Globalisation encourages democratic values and human rights awareness.

Economic Effects:

Expansion of trade: International trade of goods and services increases.
Foreign investment: Free flow of capital and foreign direct investment.
Growth of multinational corporations: MNCs dominate production, trade, and employment.
Economic liberalisation: Reduction of tariffs, quotas, and trade restrictions.
Integrated world economy: National economies become part of a global economic system.

Cultural Effects:

Cultural exchange: Greater interaction among nations promotes understanding and cooperation.
Spread of global culture: Influence of global media, education, and lifestyles.
Threat to local culture: Traditional customs and local practices may be overshadowed.
Promotion of tolerance: Exposure to different cultures encourages acceptance and multiculturalism.

Book : Politics in India Since Independence

Chapter 1 – Challenges of Nation Building

Q1. When was Pakistan formed? Which was the main cause?
OR
_________ of India was the main cause for the formation of Pakistan.
OR
In which year Pakistan was formed ?
OR
Pakistan was formed in the year _________.

Ans – Pakistan was established on 14th August 1947 as a separate nation carved out of British India. The main reason for Pakistan’s creation was the demand of Muslims for a separate homeland due to religious and cultural differences with Hindus in India. This demand was led by the All India Muslim League under Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

Q2. Describe any four challenges before the Independent India.
OR
What were the main challenges in front of Independent India ? Most Important

Ans – Main Challenges Faced by Independent India:

Communal violence and Partition: The partition of India led to mass migration, riots, and loss of life.
Refugee crisis: Millions of people migrated from Pakistan, creating a major resettlement challenge.
Economic underdevelopment: India faced poverty, low industrialisation, and agrarian backwardness.
Illiteracy and social reform: High rates of illiteracy, caste discrimination, and social inequalities needed attention.
Integration of princely states: Many princely states had to be merged into the Indian Union.
Defense and security: India faced external threats, especially from Pakistan and China.
Nation-building: Creating a sense of unity and democratic governance in a diverse country.

Q3. Explain any four hindrances in the way of Nation-building. Most Important
OR
Describe the obstacles come in the way of nation-building.
OR
Write any two obstacles in the way of Nation-Building.

Ans – Obstacles in the Path of Nation-Building:

Social inequalities: Caste, religion, and gender-based discrimination create divisions in society.
Poverty and illiteracy: Economic backwardness and lack of education hinder social cohesion and development.
Communalism and regionalism: Religious and regional loyalties can challenge national unity.
Political instability: Corruption, weak institutions, and ineffective governance slow down nation-building.
Language and cultural diversity: Differences in language and culture may create misunderstandings and conflicts.
Economic disparity: Unequal distribution of resources leads to social unrest and dissatisfaction

Q4. Write any four methods to remove the hindrances in the way of Nation-building. Most Important
OR
Explain the solutions to remove the obstacles come in the way of Nation-building.

Ans – Measures to Overcome Obstacles in Nation-Building:

Promoting social equality: Implement policies to reduce caste, gender, and religious discrimination.
Eradication of poverty and improvement in education: Provide basic education, skill development, and economic support to the underprivileged.
Encouraging national integration: Foster a sense of unity and shared national identity across regions and communities.
Strengthening democratic institutions: Ensure transparency, accountability, and effective governance.
Respect for linguistic and cultural diversity: Promote tolerance, cultural exchange, and inclusion of diverse languages and traditions.
Reducing economic disparities: Implement equitable distribution of resources and inclusive development programs.
Promotion of communal harmony: Conduct awareness campaigns and enforce laws to prevent communal and regional conflicts.

Q5. Define Nation and explain the major elements of Nation-building. Most Important
OR
Describe any four elements of Nation-building. Most Important
OR
Write down the names of three elements of Nation building.

Ans – A nation is a community of people who share common elements such as language, culture, history, territory, and a sense of unity, and aspire to govern themselves or be politically organised.

Main Elements of Nation-Building:

Political Unity: Establishing a stable and democratic system of governance.
Economic Development: Ensuring growth, equitable resource distribution, and poverty alleviation.
Social Integration: Promoting equality, social justice, and harmony among diverse groups.
Cultural Identity: Preserving and promoting common cultural, linguistic, and historical heritage.
National Security: Protecting the nation from external and internal threats.
Public Participation: Encouraging citizen involvement in nation-building and decision-making.

Q6. Explain the good & bad consequences of Partition of India. Most Important

Ans – Positive and Negative Effects of the Partition of India:

Positive Effects:

Creation of Pakistan: Muslims got a separate homeland as per their demand.
Religious self-determination: Communities could govern themselves in their respective territories.
Political restructuring: India could focus on building a democratic and secular nation.

Negative Effects:

Mass migration: Millions of people moved across the borders, leading to displacement.
Communal violence: Riots and massacres caused a huge loss of life and property.
Economic disruption: Division of assets, industries, and infrastructure led to economic difficulties.
Refugee crisis: Huge challenges in resettling millions of refugees.
Social trauma: Families were separated, causing long-lasting emotional and cultural impact.

Q7. Describe any four problems arising out at the time of Partition.
OR
Discuss the problems arising at the time of Partition of India.

Ans – Problems Arising from the Partition of India:

Mass Migration: Millions of Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims crossed borders, leading to overcrowding in refugee camps.
Communal Violence: Widespread riots, massacres, and loss of life occurred during the migration.
Refugee Crisis: Huge challenges in rehabilitating and providing livelihoods for displaced people.
Economic Disruption: Division of industries, railways, and infrastructure caused economic difficulties.
Social Trauma: Families were separated, and communities faced long-lasting emotional and cultural impacts.
Border Conflicts: Disputes over territories like Kashmir emerged after partition.

Q8. When was the state of Punjab reorganized on the basis of language?
OR
When State of Haryana came into existence on the bases of language ?

Ans – 1st November 1966

Chapter 2 – Era of One-Party Dominance

Q1. What do you mean by ‘Election’ ? Most Important

Ans – An election is a formal process through which citizens of a country choose their representatives or decide on public issues. It is a key feature of democracy, allowing people to participate in governance and hold leaders accountable.

Q2. What is the role of Opposition Party in India? Explain it in brief. Most Important

Ans – Role of Opposition Parties in India:

The opposition parties in India play a crucial role in a democracy. Their main functions include:
Criticising the government: They examine and question government policies and decisions.
Representing alternative views: They provide alternative policies and perspectives for public welfare.
Ensuring accountability: By holding the government accountable, they prevent misuse of power.
Protecting democratic values: They safeguard the interests of minorities and uphold the Constitution.

Q3. When was Indian National Congress established? Write the name of its main founder.
OR
When was Indian National Congress formed?

Ans – The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885. The main founder of the INC was Allan Octavian Hume, a British civil servant.

Chapter 3 – Politics of Planned Development

Q1. Write any four functions of Planning Commission. Most Important
OR
Write any two functions of Planning Commission of India.

Ans – Four Functions of the Planning Commission:

Formulation of Five-Year Plans: It prepared Five-Year Plans for economic and social development.
Assessment of Resources: It assessed human and material resources of the country.
Setting Priorities: It fixed priorities and targets for national development.
Coordination: It coordinated between the Centre and the States for plan implementation.

Q2. What are the main purpose of Development ? Most Important
OR
Explain any three aims and objectives of Development.
OR
Explain any four objectives of Development.

Ans – Main Objectives of Development:

Economic Growth: To increase national income and production.
Removal of Poverty: To reduce poverty and ensure a minimum standard of living for all.
Employment Generation: To provide adequate employment opportunities.
Social Justice: To reduce inequalities of income and wealth.
Improvement in Living Standards: To improve education, health, housing, and overall quality of life.

Q3. What are the main features of Indian Model of Economic Development? Most Important

Ans – Main Features of the Indian Model of Economic Development:

Planned Economy: Economic development was carried out through Five-Year Plans under the guidance of the Planning Commission.
Mixed Economy: Both public sector and private sector were given importance.
Role of Public Sector: Key industries like steel, railways, power, and heavy industries were under public sector control.
Self-Reliance: Emphasis was laid on self-reliance to reduce dependence on foreign countries.
Social Justice: The model aimed at reducing poverty and inequality and promoting inclusive growth.

Q4. Write any four features of Good Planning. Most Important

Ans – Four Characteristics of Good Planning:

Clear Objectives: Planning should have clear, well-defined goals.
Proper Assessment of Resources: It must be based on correct assessment of available resources.
Balanced Development: It should ensure balanced development of all sectors and regions.
Flexibility: Good planning should be flexible to adjust according to changing conditions.

Q5. The Planning Commission was organized in India in the year …………..
OR
When was Planning Commission in India formed ?

Ans – 1950

Q6. What do you mean by Development? Describe the various goals of Development.
OR
Write any two objectives or aims of Planning.

Ans – Development refers to a process of economic, social, and human progress through which the standard of living of people improves, poverty is reduced, and overall well-being of society is enhanced. It is not limited only to economic growth but also includes social justice and human development.

Goals of Development:

Economic Growth: Increase in national income, production, and per capita income.
Removal of Poverty: Ensuring minimum basic needs like food, clothing, housing, education, and health.
Employment Generation: Providing adequate employment opportunities to reduce unemployment.
Social Justice: Reducing inequalities of income, wealth, and opportunities.
Improvement in Quality of Life: Better education, healthcare, infrastructure, and human development.

Chapter 4 – India’s External Relations

Q1. 1962, a war was fought in between ………….. and ………….. . Most Important

Ans – India, China

Q2. What were the main causes of war between India & China in 1962 ? Most Important

Ans – Major Causes of the 1962 India-China War:

Border Dispute: Disagreement over the Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh (then NEFA) regions.
Tibet Issue: China’s control over Tibet and India’s support for the Tibetan government-in-exile angered China.
Forward Policy: India’s policy of establishing military posts along the disputed border provoked China.
Strategic Interests: Both countries wanted to assert control over strategically important regions.

Q3. Write any four determinative factors of India’s Foreign Policy. Most Important

Ans – Four Determinants of India’s Foreign Policy:

Historical and Cultural Heritage: India’s rich history and cultural values influence its international relations.
Geographical Position: India’s strategic location in South Asia shapes its foreign policy priorities.
Economic and Military Strength: India’s economic resources and military capabilities affect its diplomatic approach.
Domestic Politics: Political stability, government ideology, and public opinion influence foreign policy decisions.

Q4. When and which agreement was made by Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri with Pakistan ? Most Important

Ans – Lal Bahadur Shastri, the Prime Minister of India, signed the Tashkent Agreement with Pakistan on 10th January 1966 to end the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965.

Q5. Who became the Prime Minister of India after the Lok Sabha Elections of 1971 ? Most Important

Ans – Indira Gandhi

Q6. Discuss the nature of Indian Non-Alignment. Most Important

Ans – India’s non-alignment policy was characterized by:

Independent Foreign Policy: India followed an independent path without joining any major power bloc during the Cold War.
Peaceful Coexistence: Promoted peaceful relations with all countries, respecting sovereignty and territorial integrity.
Opposition to Colonialism: Supported liberation movements and decolonization worldwide.
Focus on Development: Emphasized economic and social development over military alliances.
Mediation Role: India often acted as a mediator in international conflicts to promote global peace.

Q7. What do you mean by ‘Non-Aligned Movement’ ? Explain its main principles. Most Important

Ans – The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) refers to a group of countries that do not formally align themselves with any major power bloc in international politics. It emerged during the Cold War to maintain independence and promote peace, cooperation, and development.

Main Principles of NAM:

Respect for Sovereignty: Every nation’s sovereignty and territorial integrity must be respected.
Non-Interference: No country should interfere in the internal affairs of another.
Peaceful Coexistence: Promote global peace and avoid military alliances.
Mutual Cooperation: Support economic and social development among member countries.
Opposition to Colonialism and Imperialism: Stand against domination or control by external powers.

Q8. What is the meaning of Non-alignment? Discuss the main features of Non- alignment. Most Important
OR
Write the main features of Non-alignment Policy of India. Most Important
OR
Explain the meaning of non-alignment and describe its characteristics.

Ans – Non-alignment means a foreign policy in which a country does not formally join or support any major power bloc in international politics and maintains independence in decision-making.

Main Features of India’s Non-Alignment:

Independent Foreign Policy: India pursues its own path without joining either the US-led or USSR-led bloc during the Cold War.
Peaceful Coexistence: Emphasizes maintaining friendly relations with all countries.
Opposition to Colonialism and Imperialism: Supports the struggle for independence and decolonization worldwide.
Focus on Economic Development: Prioritizes economic and social development over military alliances.
Mediation Role: Acts as a mediator in international conflicts to promote peace.

Q9. Write any four causes for the adoption of Non-alignment Policy in India. Most Important

Ans – Four Reasons for India Adopting the Policy of Non-Alignment:

Preserve Independence: To maintain independence in foreign policy without being dominated by any major power.
Avoid Cold War Conflicts: To stay away from superpower rivalry and conflicts between the US and USSR.
Support Newly Independent Nations: To assist and protect the interests of newly independent countries in Asia and Africa.
Focus on Domestic Development: To prioritize economic and social development over military alliances and defense obligations.

Q10. Discuss any four causes of tension between India and Pakistan. Most Important

Ans – Four Causes of Tension between India and Pakistan:

Kashmir Dispute: Ongoing territorial conflict over the Jammu & Kashmir region.
Water Disputes: Conflicts over the sharing of Indus and its tributaries under the Indus Waters Treaty.
Cross-Border Terrorism: Support for militant groups and incidents of terrorism.
Historical Wars and Border Conflicts: Legacy of wars in 1947, 1965, 1971, and 1999 (Kargil).

Q11. What is the meaning of Non-alignment ? What are its main aims and objectives?
OR
Give a clear meaning of Non-alignment.

Ans – Non-alignment refers to a foreign policy in which a country does not formally join or support any major power bloc and maintains its independence in international relations.

Main Objectives of Non-Alignment:

Preserve National Independence: Maintain freedom in foreign policy decisions without domination by any superpower.
Promote Peaceful Coexistence: Establish friendly and peaceful relations with all countries.
Support Newly Independent Nations: Help and protect the interests of newly independent nations.
Avoid Military Alliances: Prevent involvement in power bloc conflicts, focusing on development and welfare.
Encourage Global Justice: Work for fairness, equality, and peaceful resolution of international disputes.

Q12. ___________ and ________countries signed Panchsheel agreement.
OR
Which of two countries signed the ‘Panchsheel Agreement’?

Ans – India and Pakistan

Q13. When was Bangladesh formed? What was its main cause?
OR
When was Bangladesh formed?

Ans – Bangladesh was established on 16th December 1971. The primary reason for its creation was the linguistic, cultural, and political discrimination faced by the Bengali-speaking population of East Pakistan, which led to the Bangladesh Liberation War against West Pakistan.

Q14. Discuss the main principles of Indian Foreign Policy.
OR
Explain any four main principles of Indian Foreign Policy.

Ans – Main Principles of India’s Foreign Policy:

Peaceful Coexistence: India emphasizes maintaining friendly relations with all countries and resolving disputes through dialogue.
Non-Alignment: India follows an independent foreign policy without joining any major power bloc.
Respect for Sovereignty: India upholds the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and independence of all nations.
Anti-Colonialism: India opposes colonialism, imperialism, and supports the struggle for freedom and decolonization worldwide.
Promotion of International Peace: India actively participates in global efforts to maintain peace and security, including the United Nations.
Focus on Economic and Social Development: India prioritizes international cooperation for development and improving the living standards of people.

Q15. Write a short note on Panchsheel. Most Important

Ans – The Panchsheel Agreement was signed between India and China in 1954. It laid down five principles of peaceful coexistence to guide relations between the two countries. These principles are:

Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.
Non-aggression against each other.
Non-interference in each other’s internal affairs.
Equality and mutual benefit in relations.
Peaceful coexistence and cooperation.

The Panchsheel Agreement was significant as it reflected India’s policy of peace, cooperation, and non-alignment in international relations, especially in Asia.

Chapter 5 – Challenges to and Restoration of the Congress System

Q1. Who gave the slogan, Jai Jawan Jai Kisan’ ? Most Important
OR
Who became the Prime Minister of India after the death Pt. Nehru ? Most Important

Ans – Lal Bahadur Shastri

Q2. Explain the problem of Political Controversy on the issue of Language. Most Important

Ans – Language-based political disputes occur when different linguistic groups demand recognition, rights, or administrative privileges in a region. In India, such disputes have caused:

Formation of Linguistic States: Reorganization of states to satisfy regional linguistic demands.
Protests and Agitations: Movements by linguistic groups seeking official language status.
Political Tensions: Conflicts between groups over language use in education, administration, and governance.
Delay in Development: Disputes sometimes hinder economic and social progress in affected regions.
These disputes highlight the need for inclusive policies and respect for linguistic diversity.

Q3. The phrase of ‘Aaya Ram Gaya Ram’ was got popularity in which State & when?
OR
With whom the phrase of ‘Aaya-Ram-Gaya-Ram’ is related to?

Ans – The phrase “Aaya Ram Gaya Ram” became popular in 1967 in Haryana, India, referring to frequent party switching by legislators in Indian politics.

Chapter 6 – The Crisis of Democratic Order

Q1. Give any four features of Indian Party System.
OR
Give any two features of Indian Party System. Most Important

Ans – Four Features of the Indian Party System

Multi-Party System: India has multiple political parties at national and state levels.
Dominant Party: Historically, the Congress Party played a dominant role, though regional parties have gained strength.
Regional Parties: Strong state-level parties represent local interests and influence national politics.
Democratic Competition: Political parties compete in elections, providing voters with choices and ensuring accountability.

Q2. What do you understand by Committed Judiciary? Most Important

Ans – Responsible judiciary refers to a judicial system where courts and judges operate independently but remain accountable for upholding the Constitution, laws, and fundamental rights. They ensure justice, fairness, and the rule of law while being answerable to legal and ethical standards.

Q3. What do you mean by Press-Censorship? Most Important

Ans – Press censorship refers to the control or restriction imposed by the government or authorities on the media, limiting the publication or broadcast of certain information, news, or opinions. Its purpose is often to suppress dissent, maintain public order, or protect national interests.

Q4. Explain any four consequences of the declaration of emergency in 1975. Most Important

Ans – Four Consequences of the Emergency (1975)

Suspension of Fundamental Rights: Basic rights like freedom of speech, expression, and assembly were curtailed.
Political Repression: Many opposition leaders and activists were arrested and political dissent was suppressed.
Press Censorship: Media faced strict censorship, preventing criticism of the government.
Abuse of Bureaucracy and Police: Police and bureaucrats became instruments of the government, often acting without accountability.

Q5. Describe any four causes of the declaration of emergency in 1975. Most Important

Ans – Four Reasons for the Declaration of Emergency in 1975

Political Unrest: Increasing protests and movements against the government, led by opposition parties and social activists.
Judicial Pressure: The Allahabad High Court judgment declared Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s election invalid due to electoral malpractices.
Law and Order Concerns: Claims of breakdown in public order and threats to national stability.
Consolidation of Power: Desire of the Prime Minister to centralize authority and suppress political opposition.

Q6. Mention any four causes for the victory of Janta Party in the Lok-Sabha Election of 1977.
OR
Write any three reasons for the formation of the opposition party government at the Centre for the first time after the 1977 elections.

Ans – Four Reasons for Janata Party’s Victory in 1977 Lok Sabha Elections

Backlash Against Emergency: Public resentment over suspension of civil liberties and political repression during the Emergency.
Leadership of Jayaprakash Narayan: His Total Revolution (Sampoorna Kranti) movement inspired widespread support for change.
Unity of Opposition: Several opposition parties united under the Janata Party banner, consolidating anti-Congress votes.
Corruption and Misgovernance: Widespread perception of corruption, authoritarianism, and misuse of power by the Congress government.

Chapter 7 – Regional Aspirations

Q1. Describe the effects of communalism on Indian Politics. Most Important

Ans – Communalism in India refers to political mobilization based on religion or community identity. Its impact on Indian politics includes:

Political Polarization: Communalism often divides voters along religious lines, weakening national unity.
Rise of Communal Parties: It encourages the formation and growth of religion-based political parties.
Hindrance to Social Harmony: Communal tensions lead to riots and conflicts, disrupting peace and governance.
Policy Bias and Electoral Manipulation: Governments may favor certain communities to gain political support, undermining fairness.

Q2. In which State ‘Bodo Movement’ was introduced? Most Important

Ans – Assam

Q3. Write any four causes of the origin of Regionalism in India. Most Important

Ans – Four Reasons for the Emergence of Regionalism in India

Cultural and Linguistic Differences: Distinct languages, traditions, and cultural identities in different regions foster regional sentiments.
Economic Disparities: Unequal development and resource allocation among states create dissatisfaction.
Political Marginalization: Some regions feel underrepresented in central governance or neglected in policymaking.
Historical Factors: Historical injustices, colonial legacy, and past neglect contribute to regional consciousness.

Q4. Give any four suggestions to end the emerging trend of Regionalism in India. Most Important
OR
Give any four suggestions to remove regionalism in India. Most Important

Ans – Four Suggestions to Reduce the Growing Trend of Regionalism in India

Balanced Regional Development: Ensure equal economic development and fair distribution of resources among all regions.
Strengthening National Integration: Promote national unity through education, cultural exchange, and inclusive policies.
Decentralization of Power: Provide greater autonomy to states and local governments to address regional aspirations.
Inclusive Political Participation: Ensure proper representation of all regions in decision-making at the national level.

Q5. When was Rajiv-Longowal Accord took place ?
OR
When was Rajiv-Longowal Agreement came into existence ?

Ans – 24 July 1985

Q6. What is Communalism? Explain the remedies to overcome the effects of Communalism.
OR
Write any four measures to prevent Communalism in India.

Ans – Communalism is an ideology in which people consider their own religion or community superior to others and use religion for political, social, or personal interests. It creates division, hatred, and conflict among different religious communities.

Measures to Remove the Effects of Communalism:

Promotion of Secularism: Strict implementation of secular principles and equal treatment of all religions by the state.
Education and Awareness: Value-based education to promote tolerance, brotherhood, and respect for all religions.
Responsible Role of Media: Media should avoid spreading rumours and communal hatred and promote harmony.
Strong Legal Action: Strict laws and punishment against communal violence and hate speech.
Political Responsibility: Political parties should not use religion for vote-bank politics.

Q7. Write any two points on Punjab Agreement. Most Important

Ans – Two Main Points of the Punjab Accord (Rajiv–Longowal Agreement):

Greater Autonomy to Punjab: Certain powers were to be transferred from the central government to the state government to address regional demands.
End of Violence: Measures were agreed upon to restore peace, including disarmament of militants and cooperation between the state and central authorities.

Chapter 8 – Recent Development in Indian Politics

Q1. Name out the Indian Prime Minister, who had recommended the proposals of Mandal Commission.
OR
Shri ………. Prime Minister had introduced the recommendations of Mandal Commission.

Ans – Vishwanath Pratap Singh (V. P. Singh)

Q2. What do you mean by Coalition Government ? Discuss its main features.
OR
What is the meaning of Coalition Government?
OR
Give any four features of Coalition Government.

Ans – A coalition government is formed when no single political party secures a clear majority in the legislature, and two or more parties come together to form the government.

Main Features of a Coalition Government:

Participation of Multiple Parties: The government consists of representatives from more than one political party.
Shared Power: Decision-making is done jointly by the coalition partners.
Fragile Nature: Coalition governments are often unstable and may collapse if disagreements arise.
Compromise and Consensus: Policies are often the result of compromises among the coalition parties.
Representation of Diverse Interests: Coalition governments usually represent a wider range of social, regional, and political interests.

Q3. What is the meaning of Coalition Politics in India? What are the effects of Coalition Government on Indian Politics?
OR
Describe the impacts of Coalition Government on Indian Politics.

Ans – Coalition politics in India refers to the situation where no single political party secures a clear majority, and two or more parties join hands to form a government at the center or in a state.

Impact of Coalition Government on Indian Politics:

Rise of Regional Parties: Regional parties gained importance as coalition partners.
Power Sharing Culture: Encouraged negotiation, compromise, and shared decision-making.
Policy Compromises: Policies often required consensus among diverse coalition partners.
Political Stability Challenges: Coalition governments were sometimes unstable, leading to frequent elections.
Inclusive Governance: Represented a wider range of social, regional, and political interests.

Q4. Describe the factors responsible for the origin of Coalition Government in India.
OR
Give any four reasons for the emergence of Coalition Government in India. Most Important

Ans – Factors Responsible for the Emergence of Coalition Governments in India:

Decline of One-Party Dominance: After 1967 and especially after 1989, the dominance of a single party (Congress) weakened, making coalitions necessary.
Rise of Regional Parties: Growth of regional parties representing local interests made it difficult for national parties to get a clear majority.
Social and Political Diversity: India’s vast social, cultural, caste, and regional diversity led to fragmented voting patterns.
Caste and Identity Politics: Politics based on caste, religion, and regional identity reduced the chances of one-party majority.
Electoral System: The first-past-the-post system sometimes produces a fragmented mandate when votes are divided among many parties.
Voter Awareness and Assertion: Increased political awareness among voters led to rejection of one-party rule and preference for power-sharing.